References

  1.  Alalawi A, Luque-Suarez A, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Gallina A, Evans D, Falla D. Do measures of physical function enhance the prediction of persistent pain and disability following a whiplash injury? Protocol for a prospective observational study in Spain [published correction appears in BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):1]. BMJ Open. 2020;10(10):e035736.
  2. ↑ Jump up to:2.0 2.1 2.2 Spitzer WO. et al. (1995). Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Spine (Phila Pa 1976)., 20(8 Suppl), pp. 1-73.
  3. ↑ Jump up to:3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Daenen L, Nijs J, Raadsen B, Roussel N, Cras P, Dankaerts W. Cervical motor dysfunction and its predictive value for long-term recovery in patients with acute whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2013 Feb 5;45(2):113-22. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/sreh/2013/00000045/00000002/art00001?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf
  4. ↑ Jump up to:4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Golbakhsh MR, Mirbolook G, Mirbolook AR, Noughani F, Siavashi B, Gholizadeh A. Effect of Mental and Behavioral Factors on Severity of Disability following Whiplash Injury. Trauma Monthly. 2017;22(6). [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: http://traumamon.portal.tools/71693.pdf
  5.  Walton DM, Elliott JM. An Integrated Model of Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):462-71.
  6.  Hayashi K, Miki K, Ikemoto T, Ushida T, Shibata M. Factors influencing outcomes among patients with whiplash-associated disorder: A population-based study in Japan. Plos one. 2019 May 14;14(5):e0216857.
  7.  Kasch H, Jensen LL. Minor head injury symptoms and recovery from whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study. Rehabilitation Process and Outcome. 2019 Apr;8:1179572719845634.
  8.  Peolsson A, Karlsson A, Ghafouri B, Ebbers T, Engström M, Jönsson M, Wåhlén K, Romu T, Borga M, Kristjansson E, Bahat HS. Pathophysiology behind prolonged whiplash associated disorders: study protocol for an experimental study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2019 Dec;20(1):1-9.
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  10. ↑ Jump up to:10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Walton DM, MacDermid JC, Giorgianni AA, Mascarenhas JC, West SC, Zammit CA. Risk factors for persistent problems following acute whiplash injury: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2013 Feb;43(2):31-43. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://www.jospt.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2519/jospt.2013.4507&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-gga&ct=res&cd=0&ei=z48iW5iCN8OOygTTnLfgDA&scisig=AAGBfm2vfvPVzZoOSqUFSR19jsevoaEIkQ
  11.  SpineLive. Whiplash Reasons. Published Aug 2015. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svR1pClh4DE[last accessed 18 June 2018]
  12. ↑ Jump up to:12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R. Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury. Pain. 2005 Mar 1;114(1-2):141-8. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://www.academia.edu/download/46453352/Sterling_M_Jull_G_Vicenzino_B_et_al._Phy20160613-23878-ftxn8w.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-gga&ct=res&cd=0&ei=FI0iW9mYJo_-yQTEtJ-gCQ&scisig=AAGBfm3nqbcO77XbvxRcJiBocwgLwu5aGg
  13. ↑ Jump up to:13.0 13.1 Hendriks EJ, Scholten-Peeters GG, van der Windt DA, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, Oostendorp RA, Verhagen AP. Prognostic factors for poor recovery in acute whiplash patients. Pain. 2005 Apr 1;114(3):408-16. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: http://www.academia.edu/download/41859453/Prognostic_factors_for_poor_recovery_in_20160201-7069-15o997z.pdf
  14.  Sarrami P, Armstrong E, Naylor JM, Harris IA. Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017;18(1):9-16.
  15. ↑ Jump up to:15.0 15.1 15.2 Scott W, Wideman TH, Sullivan MJ. Clinically meaningful scores on pain catastrophizing before and after multidisciplinary rehabilitation: a prospective study of individuals with subacute pain after whiplash injury. The Clinical journal of pain. 2014 Mar 1;30(3):183-90. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=http://sullivan-painresearch.mcgill.ca/pdf/abstracts/2014/Scottetal2014.pdf&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-gga&ct=res&cd=0&ei=BZIiW6rcGpLWygT11bHQCQ&scisig=AAGBfm0IwFurhAKGQz_pvBETeDEzxtLb6A
  16.  Sullivan MJ, Rodgers WM, Kirsch I. Catastrophizing, depression and expectancy for pain and emotional distress. Pain. 2001 Mar 1;91(1-2):147-54. [Accessed 15 June 2018] Available from: http://sullivan-painresearch.mcgill.ca/pdf/abstracts/sullivanmar2001.pdf
  17.  Campbell L, Smith A, McGregor L, Sterling M. Psychological Factors and the Development of Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorder(s): A Systematic Review. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(8):755-68.
  18. ↑ Jump up to:18.0 18.1 Sullivan MJ, Thibault P, Simmonds MJ, Milioto M, Cantin AP, Velly AM. Pain, perceived injustice and the persistence of post-traumatic stress symptoms during the course of rehabilitation for whiplash injuries. Pain. 2009 Oct 1;145(3):325-31. [Accessed 15 June 2018] Available from: http://www.academia.edu/download/43075568/Pain_perceived_injustice_and_the_persist20160225-28621-1vu0w2l.pdf
  19. ↑ Jump up to:19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 Jull G, Sterling M, Kenardy J, Beller E. Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash?–A preliminary RCT. Pain. 2007 May 1;129(1-2):28-34. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.611.9615&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  20. ↑ Jump up to:20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003 Aug 1;104(3):509-17. [Accessed 15 June 2018] Available from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=11&ved=0ahUKEwjmhuWX0dbbAhUCVK0KHVlgDRQQFghdMAo&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F07ff%2F7e81af852a6dcba56b5dba0f3fc9dba724e5.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0fCGn5gYPGxrzb1aFIs9SX
  21. ↑ Jump up to:21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder: part 1–overview and summary. Pain Research and Management. 2010;15(5):287-94. [Accessed 19 June 2018] Available from: http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/prm/2010/106593.pdf
  22.  Kamper SJ, Rebbeck TJ, Maher CG, McAuley JH, Sterling M. Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2008 Sep 15;138(3):617-29. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: http://www.academia.edu/download/41675199/Course_and_prognostic_factors_of_whiplas20160128-23571-1o7c4mo.pdf
  23. ↑ Jump up to:23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Teasell RW, McClure JA, Walton D, Pretty J, Salter K, Meyer M, Sequeira K, Death B. A research synthesis of therapeutic interventions for whiplash-associated disorder (WAD): part 2–interventions for acute WAD. Pain Research and Management. 2010;15(5):295-304. [Accessed 19 June 2018] Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2975532/pdf/prm15295.pdf
  24.  Ludvigsson ML, Peterson G, O’Leary S, Dedering A, Peolsson A. The Effect of Neck-specific Exercise With, or Without a Behavioral Approach, on Pain, Disability, and Self-Efficacy in Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorders. Clin J Pain. 2015 Apr;31(4):294-303. [Accessed 14 June 2018] Available from: http://www.academia.edu/download/43630977/The_Effect_of_Neck-specific_Exercise_Wit20160311-20625-1cp7azf.pdf
  25. ↑ Jump up to:25.0 25.1 Curatolo M. Pharmacological and interventional management of pain after whiplash injury. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2016 Oct;46(10):845-50. [Accessed 19 June 2018] Available from: https://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2016.6906
  26.  Physiopedia. Dr James Elliott – advice for clinicians from the latest whiplash research. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bwhMfnUg6U [last accessed 18 June 2018]