References
  1.  Parry SM, Puthucheary ZA. The impact of extended bed rest on the musculoskeletal system in the critical care environment. Extreme physiology & medicine. 2015 Dec;4(1):1-8.
  2.  Knight J, Nigam Y, Jones A. Effects of bedrest 5: the muscles, joints and mobility. Nursing Times. 2019;115(4):54-7.
  3.  Bose EL, Hravnak M, Pinsky MR. The interface between monitoring and physiology at the bedside. Critical care clinics. 2015 Jan 1;31(1):1-24.
  4.  Chambers MA, Moylan JS, Reid MB. Physical inactivity and muscle weakness in the critically ill. Critical care medicine. 2009 Oct 1;37(10):S337-46.
  5.  Winkelman C. Inactivity and inflammation in the critically ill patient. Critical care clinics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):21-34.
  6.  Needham DM. Mobilizing patients in the intensive care unit: improving neuromuscular weakness and physical function. Jama. 2008 Oct 8;300(14):1685-90.
  7.  De Jonghe B, Lacherade JC, Durand MC, Sharshar T. Critical illness neuromuscular syndromes. Critical care clinics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):55-69.
  8.  Mouchtouris N, Lang MJ, Barkley K, Barros G, Turpin J, Sweid A, Starke RM, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Rosenwasser RH, Tjoumakaris S. Predictors of hospital-associated complications prolonging ICU stay in patients with low-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of neurosurgery. 2019 May 3;132(6):1829-35.
  9.  Clum SR, Rumbak MJ. Mobilizing the patient in the intensive care unit: the role of early tracheotomy. Critical care clinics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):71-9.
  10.  Moodie L, Reeve J, Elkins M. Inspiratory muscle training increases inspiratory muscle strength in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review. Journal of physiotherapy. 2011 Jan 1;57(4):213-21.
  11.  Choi J, Tasota FJ, Hoffman LA. Mobility interventions to improve outcomes in patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation: a review of the literature. Biological research for nursing. 2008 Jul;10(1):21-33.
  12.  Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Diaz-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, Cooper AB, Guest CB, Mazer CD, Mehta S, Stewart TE. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 Feb 20;348(8):683-93.
  13.  Fletcher SN, Kennedy DD, Ghosh IR, Misra VP, Kiff K, Coakley JH, Hinds CJ. Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. Critical care medicine. 2003 Apr 1;31(4):1012-6.
  14.  Nelson JE, Meier DE, Litke A, Natale DA, Siegel RE, Morrison RS. The symptom burden of chronic critical illness. Critical care medicine. 2004 Jul 1;32(7):1527-34.
  15.  Cox CE, Carson SS, Holmes GM, Howard A, Carey TS. Increase in tracheostomy for prolonged mechanical ventilation in North Carolina, 1993–2002. Critical care medicine. 2004 Nov 1;32(11):2219-26.
  16.  Engoren M, Arslanian-Engoren C, Fenn-Buderer N. Hospital and long-term outcome after tracheostomy for respiratory failure. Chest. 2004 Jan 1;125(1):220-7.
  17.  Dowdy DW, Eid MP, Dennison CR, Mendez-Tellez PA, Herridge MS, Guallar E, Pronovost PJ, Needham DM. Quality of life after acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. Intensive care medicine. 2006 Aug 1;32(8):1115-24.
  18.  Douglas SL, Daly BJ, Gordon N, Brennan PF. Survival and quality of life: short-term versus long-term ventilator patients. Critical care medicine. 2002 Dec 1;30(12):2655-62.
  19.  Davydow DS, Gifford JM, Desai SV, Bienvenu OJ, Needham DM. Depression in general intensive care unit survivors: a systematic review. Intensive care medicine. 2009 May 1;35(5):796-809.
  20.  Carson SS. Outcomes of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Current opinion in critical care. 2006 Oct 1;12(5):405-11.
  21.  Burns JR, Jones FL. Early ambulation of patients requiring ventilatory assistance. Chest. 1975 Oct 1;68(4):608.
  22.  Kirshblum SC, Bach JR. Walker modification for ventilator-assisted individuals. Case report. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation. 1992 Oct 1;71(5):304-6.
  23.  Smith T, Forrest G, Evans G, Johnson RK, Chandler N. The albany medical college ventilator walker. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1996 Dec 1;77(12):1320-1.
  24.  Perme CS, Southard RE, Joyce DL, Noon GP, Loebe M. Early mobilization of LVAD recipients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Texas Heart Institute Journal. 2006;33(2):130.
  25.  Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, Blair R, Jewkes J, Bezdjian L, Veale K, Rodriquez L, Hopkins RO. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Critical care medicine. 2007 Jan 1;35(1):139-45.
  26.  Thomsen GE, Snow GL, Rodriguez L, Hopkins RO. Patients with respiratory failure increase ambulation after transfer to an intensive care unit where early activity is a priority. Critical care medicine. 2008 Apr 1;36(4):1119-24.
  27.  Morris PE, Goad A, Thompson C, Taylor K, Harry B, Passmore L, Ross A, Anderson L, Baker S, Sanchez M, Penley L. Early intensive care unit mobility therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure. Critical care medicine. 2008 Aug 1;36(8):2238-43.
  28.  Moodie L, Reeve J, Elkins M. Inspiratory muscle training increases inspiratory muscle strength in patients weaning from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review. Journal of physiotherapy. 2011 Jan 1;57(4):213-21.
  29. ↑ Jump up to:29.0 29.1 Hashem MD, Nelliot A, Needham DM. Early mobilization and rehabilitation in the ICU: moving back to the future. Respiratory care. 2016 Jul 1;61(7):971-9.
  30.  Gosselink R, Bott J, Johnson M, Dean E, Nava S, Norrenberg M, Schönhofer B, Stiller K, Van de Leur H, Vincent JL. Physiotherapy for adult patients with critical illness: recommendations of the European Respiratory Society and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Task Force on physiotherapy for critically ill patients. Intensive care medicine. 2008 Jul 1;34(7):1188-99.
  31.  Chiang LL, Wang LY, Wu CP, Wu HD, Wu YT. Effects of physical training on functional status in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Physical therapy. 2006 Sep 1;86(9):1271-81.
  32.  Johns Hopkins Medicine: Early Mobility in the ICU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D53gygWRhLM
  33.  Morris PE, Herridge MS. Early intensive care unit mobility: future directions. Critical care clinics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):97-110.
  34.  Stiller K. Safety issues that should be considered when mobilizing critically ill patients. Critical care clinics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):35-53.
  35.  Stiller K, Phillips A, Lambert P. The safety of mobilisation and its effect on haemodynamic and respiratory status of intensive care patients. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2004 Jan 1;20(3):175-85.
  36.  Stiller K. Physiotherapy in intensive care: an updated systematic review. Chest. 2013 Sep 1;144(3):825-47.
  37.  Castro AA, Calil SR, Freitas SA, Oliveira AB, Porto EF. Chest physiotherapy effectiveness to reduce hospitalization and mechanical ventilation length of stay, pulmonary infection rate and mortality in ICU patients. Respiratory medicine. 2013 Jan 1;107(1):68-74.
  38.  Hopkins RO, Spuhler VJ, Thomsen GE. Transforming ICU culture to facilitate early mobility. Critical care clinics. 2007 Jan 1;23(1):81-96.