References

  1. ↑ Jump up to:1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Distal Radius Fractures [Internet]. Rosemont Illinois: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2013 [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00412 (Level of Evidence = 5)
  2. ↑ Jump up to:2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Handoll HHG, Huntley JS, Madhok R. External Fixation versus conservative treatment for distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-78.
  3. ↑ Jump up to:3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Handoll HHG, Huntley JS, Madhok R. Different methods of external fixation for treating distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-67.
  4.  Benjamin JA. 1965. Abraham Colles (1773–1843) Distinguished surgeon from Ireland. Invest Urol 3:321–323
  5.  Kenneth J. Koval, Joseph D. Zuckerman, Handbook of fractures, Philadelphia, second edition, 1994, pg 134.
  6.  Abramo A, Kopylov P, Tagil M. Evaluation of a treatment protocol in distal radius fractures: a prospective study in 581 patients using DASH as outcome. Acta Orthopaedica. 2008;79(3):376-385
  7. ↑ Jump up to:7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Bienek T, Kusz D, Cielinski L. Peripheral nerve compression neuropathy after fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg. (British and European Volume). 2006;31B(3):256-260.
  8. ↑ Jump up to:8.0 8.1 8.2 Kay S, McMahon M, Stiller K. An advice and exercise program has some benefits over natural recovery after distal radius fracture: a randomized trial. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54:253-259. (Level of Evidence = 1B)
  9.  Nelson DL. Wrist Fracture [Internet]. Greenbrae California: David Nelson MD; 2012 [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: http://www.davidlnelson.md/articles/Wrist_Fracture.htm
  10.  Kenneth J. Koval, Joseph D. Zuckerman, Handbook of fractures, Philadelphia, second edition, 1994, pg 134-135
  11.  Leung F, Ozkan M, Chow SP. Conservative treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal radius – factors affecting functional outcomes. Hand Surg. 2000;5(2):145-153.
  12.  UWTV. Distal Radius Fractures. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaj0IDd4l0M[last accessed 30/10/17]
  13. ↑ Jump up to:13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Bushnell BD, Bynum DK. Malunion of the distal radius. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15:27-40.
  14. ↑ Jump up to:14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Kenneth J. Koval, Joseph D. Zuckerman, Handbook of fractures, Philadelphia, second edition, 1994, pg 135-138
  15. ↑ Jump up to:15.0 15.1 Oren T, Wolf J. Soft- Tissue complications associated with distal radius fractures. Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics.19; 2009: 100—106.
  16. ↑ Jump up to:16.0 16.1 16.2 Kleinman WB. Distal radius instability and stiffness; common complications of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2010;26:245-264.
  17. ↑ Jump up to:17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Handoll HHG, Madhok R. Conservative interventions for treating distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-112.
  18. ↑ Jump up to:18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 Patel VP, Paksima N. Complications of distal radius fracture fixation. Bulletin of NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases. 2010;68(2):112-8.
  19.  McKay SD, MacDermid JC, Roth JH, Richards Rs. “Assessment of complications of distal radius fractures and development of a complication checklist.” J. Hand Surg. Am., nr 5; 26, September 2001: 916-22.
  20. ↑ Jump up to:20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 Walenkamp M., et al. Surgery versus conservative treatment in patients with type A distal radius fractures, a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal disorders 2014, 15:90.
  21. ↑ Jump up to:21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Leiv M. Hove, Lindau T, Holmer P. Distal radius fractures: current concepts. Berlin, Heidelberg- Springer (2014) pg. 53- 58
  22. ↑ Jump up to:22.0 22.1 22.2 Leone J, Bhandari M, Adili A, McKenzie S, Moro JK, Dunlop RB. Predictors of early and late instability following conservative treatment of exta-articular distal radius fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124:38-41.
  23. ↑ Jump up to:23.0 23.1 23.2 Herzberg G. Intra-articular fracture of the distal radius: arthroscopic-assisted reduction. J Hand Surg. 2010;35A:1517-1519.
  24.  flatuber. Distal Radius Fracture 1. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmXkjliVLuk[last accessed 26/10/17]
  25.  Handoll HHG, Huntley JS. Bone grafts and bone substitutes for treating distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2009;3:1-87.
  26. ↑ Jump up to:26.0 26.1 Handoll HHG, Watts AC. Internal fixation and comparisons of different fixation methods for treating distal radial fractures in adults (Protocol). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-14.
  27. ↑ Jump up to:27.0 27.1 Kay S, McMahon M, Stiller K. An advice and exercise program has some benefits over natural recovery after distal radius fracture: a randomised trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2008 Jan 1;54(4):253-9.
  28.  Bruder A, Taylor N, Dodd K, Shields N. Physiotherapy intervention practice patterns used in rehabilitation after distal radius fracture. Physiotherapy. 2013. 99: 233-240.
  29. ↑ Jump up to:29.0 29.1 Kay S, McMahon M, Stiller K. An advice and exercise program has some benefits over natural recovery after distal radius fracture. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2008. 54(4): 253-259.
  30. ↑ Jump up to:30.0 30.1 30.2 Michlovitz S., et al. Distal Radius Fractures: Therapy Practice Patterns. J Hand Ther. 2001; 14:4: 249-257.
  31.  Smith DW, Brou KE, Henry MH. Early active rehabilitation for operatively stabilized distal radius fractures. J Hand Ther. 2004. 17(1): 43-49.
  32.  physicaltherapyvideo. Broken Wrist Exercises after taking off Cast (Fingers-Physical Therapy. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5POz39-8738 [last accessed 30/10/17]
  33.  physicaltherapyvideo. Broken Wrist Exercises after taking off cast (wrist & forearm). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBxpPrTvpBg [last accessed 30/10/17]
  34.  physicaltherapyvideo. Hand, Wrist, & Forearm Strengthening (Best Exercises-in our Opinion). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R37_inXpZ3g [last accessed 30/10/17]
  35. ↑ Jump up to:35.0 35.1 MacDermid JC, Roth JH, Richards RS. Pain and disability reported in the year following a distal radius fracture: A cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003;4:24-36.
  36.  Moore CM, Leonardi-Bee J. The prevalence of pain and disability one year post fracture of the distal radius in a UK population: A cross sectional survey. BMC Musculoskeletl Disord. 2008;9:129-138.
  37.  Handoll HHG, Huntley JS, Madhok R. Closed reduction methods for treating distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-29.
  38.  Handoll HHG, Vaghela MV, Madhok R. Percutaneous pinning for treating distal radial fractures in adults (Review). The Cochrane Library. 2008;4:1-70.